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Mgbakwunye na obere okpomọkụ na-ebi akwụkwọ usoro nwere ike ijikọ dị iche iche na-eri ike na ike na-eri ngwá electronic na ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe na ọnụ ala. ngwaọrụ ndị ahụ.Passive components-inductors, capacitors, and resistors-arụ ọrụ dị ka nzacha, nchekwa nchekwa obere oge, na nha voltaji, nke dị mkpa na ngwá electronic na ọtụtụ ngwa ndị ọzọ. N'isiokwu a, anyị na-ewebata inductors, capacitors, resistors na RLC sekit ihuenyo-ebipụta na mgbanwe rọba substrates, na-akọ na imewe usoro iwelata usoro nguzogide nke inductors nke mere na ha nwere ike na-eji na ike electronic ngwaọrụ. nke organic ìhè-emitting diodes na batrị lithium-ion na-agbanwe agbanwe. A na-eji ndị na-achịkwa voltaji na-eme ka diodes si na batrị ahụ rụọ ọrụ, na-egosipụta ikike nke ngwa ngwa ngwa ebipụtara iji dochie ihe mgbago elu ọdịnala na ngwa ntụgharị DC-DC.
N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-emepụta ngwa ngwa dị iche iche na-agbanwe agbanwe na ngwaahịa eletrọnịkị na-eyi na nnukwu mpaghara na Ịntanetị nke ihe 1,2. Ndị a na-agụnye ihe ndị na-ewe ihe ubi ike, dị ka fotovoltaic 3, piezoelectric 4, na thermoelectric 5; ngwaọrụ nchekwa ike, dị ka batrị 6, 7; na ngwaọrụ ndị na-eri ike, dị ka sensọ 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, na isi iyi ọkụ 13. Ọ bụ ezie na e nweela ọganihu dị ukwuu na isi iyi ike na ibu, ijikọta ihe ndị a n'ime usoro eletrik zuru ezu na-achọkarị ike eletrik. merie ọ bụla adabaghị n'etiti omume ọkọnọ ike na ibu chọrọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, batrị na-emepụta voltaji na-agbanwe agbanwe dịka ọnọdụ ụgwọ ya si dị. Ọ bụrụ na ibu ahụ chọrọ voltaji mgbe niile, ma ọ bụ karịa voltaji nke batrị nwere ike ịmepụta, a na-achọ eletrik eletrik. .Power electronics na-eji ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ (transistor) na-arụ ọrụ mgbanwe na njikwa ọrụ, yana ihe ndị na-agafe agafe (inductors, capacitors, and resistors) .Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na sekit na-agbanwe agbanwe, a na-eji inductor na-echekwa ike n'oge mgbanwe mgbanwe ọ bụla. , A na-eji capacitor belata voltaji ripple, na nha voltaji achọrọ maka njikwa nzaghachi na-eji ihe nkesa resistor.
Ngwa eletrọnịkị ike dabara adaba maka ngwaọrụ wearable (dị ka pulse oximeter 9) chọrọ ọtụtụ volt na ọtụtụ milliamps, na-arụkarị ọrụ n'ọtụtụ narị kHz ruo ọtụtụ MHz, ma na-achọ ọtụtụ μH na ọtụtụ μH inductance na The capacitance μF bụ 14 respectively.The omenala usoro nke n'ichepụta ndị a sekit bụ solder discrete components ka isiike biri ebi sekit osisi (PCB) .Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nọ n'ọrụ components nke ike electronic sekit na-emekarị jikọtara n'ime otu silicon Integrated sekit (IC), passive components na-emekarị na-emekarị. mpụga, ma ọ bụ na-ekwe ka sekit omenala, ma ọ bụ n'ihi na inductance na capacitance achọrọ dị oke ukwuu ka etinyere ya na silicon.
N'iji ya tụnyere PCB omenala na-emepụta nkà na ụzụ, mmepụta nke ngwá electronic na sekit site na ntinye akwụkwọ ntinye nwere ọtụtụ uru n'ihe dị mfe na ọnụ ahịa. Mbụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke sekit chọrọ otu ihe ahụ, dị ka ọla maka kọntaktị. na interconnections, ebipụta na-enye ohere multiple components na-arụpụtara n'otu oge, na dịtụ ole na ole nhazi nzọụkwụ na ole na ole isi mmalite nke ihe15.The ojiji nke mgbakwunye usoro iji dochie subtractive usoro dị ka photolithography na etching n'ihu ebelata usoro mgbagwoju anya na ihe mkpofu16, 17, 18, na 19. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, okpomọkụ dị ala nke a na-eji na-ebipụta na-adaba na ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe na nke dị ọnụ ala, na-enye ohere iji ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-ekpuchi ngwaọrụ eletriki 16, 20 n'elu nnukwu ebe. na-apụghị n'ụzọ zuru ezu ghọtara na e biri ebi components, ngwakọ ụzọ e mepụtara na nke elu ugwu technology (SMT) components jikọọ na-agbanwe substrates 21, 22, 23 na-esote e biri ebi components na ala okpomọkụ. In nke a ngwakọ obibia, ọ ka bụ ka. dị mkpa iji dochie ọtụtụ ihe SMT dị ka o kwere mee na ndị mmekọ e biri ebi iji nweta uru nke usoro ndị ọzọ ma mee ka mgbanwe zuru ezu nke sekit ahụ dịkwuo elu. Iji ghọta ike eletrik eletrik na-agbanwe agbanwe, anyị atụpụtawo nchikota nke ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ SMT na ihuenyo-ebipụta passive. components, na pụrụ iche mesiri ike na-edochi nnukwu SMT inductors na planar spiral inductors.Among dị iche iche teknụzụ maka n'ichepụta e biri ebi electronics, ihuenyo obibi bụ karịsịa kwesịrị ekwesị maka passive components n'ihi na ya nnukwu film ọkpụrụkpụ (nke dị mkpa iji belata usoro nguzogide nke metal atụmatụ. ) na nnukwu mbipụta akwụkwọ, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọ na-ekpuchi mpaghara ọkwa centimita Otu ihe ahụ bụ eziokwu mgbe ụfọdụ. Ihe 24.
A ghaghị ibelata ihe ndị na-adịghị mma nke ngwa eletriki eletriki, n'ihi na arụmọrụ nke sekit ahụ na-emetụta kpọmkwem ike nke ike achọrọ iji mee ka usoro ahụ dị ike. Nke a bụ ihe ịma aka karịsịa maka ndị inductor na-ebipụta nke nwere ogologo eriri ogologo, nke na-eme ka usoro dị elu dị elu. resistance.N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ezie na e mewo mgbalị ụfọdụ iji belata nkwụsị 25, 26, 27, 28 nke eriri ndị e biri ebi, a ka nwere ụkọ ihe eji eme ihe na-emepụta ihe dị elu maka ngwaọrụ eletriki eletrik. Emebere ihe ndị dị na ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe ka ha rụọ ọrụ na sekit resonant maka njirimara ugboro redio (RFID) ma ọ bụ ebumnuche owuwe ihe ubi 10, 12, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. 26, 32, 33, 34 nke na-adịghị mma maka ngwa ngwa ụfọdụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, sekit eletriki eletrik dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka voltaji na-ejikarị ihe ndị buru ibu karịa ngwaọrụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emekarị ma ọ dịghị achọ resonance, n'ihi ya, a na-achọ ụdị nhazi dị iche iche.
N'ebe a, anyị na-ewebata nhazi na njikarịcha nke inductors na-ebipụta ihuenyo na mpaghara μH iji nweta obere nguzogide usoro na arụmọrụ dị elu na ugboro ole metụtara eletriki eletrik. on rọba rọba substrates.The kwesịrị ekwesị nke ndị a components maka mgbanwe eletrọnịkị ngwaahịa e bu ụzọ gosi na a dị mfe RLC circuit.The e biri ebi inductor na resistor na-ahụ na-ejikọta na IC na-etolite a boost regulator.N'ikpeazụ, ihe organic ìhè-emitting diode (OLED) ) na batrị lithium-ion na-agbanwe agbanwe na-arụ ọrụ, a na-ejikwa voltaji na-achịkwa OLED site na batrị ahụ.
Iji chepụta inductors e biri ebi maka ike eletrọnịkị, anyị buru ụzọ buru amụma inductance na DC nguzogide nke usoro geometries inductor dabere na ụdị mpempe akwụkwọ ugbu a chọrọ na Mohan et al. 35, na ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe dị iche iche nke geometry dị iche iche iji kwado izi ezi nke ihe nlereanya ahụ. N'ime ọrụ a, a na-ahọrọ ụdị okirikiri maka onye na-emepụta ihe n'ihi na enwere ike nweta 36 inductance dị elu na nguzogide dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere geometry polygon. Mmetụta nke ink. A na-ekpebi ụdị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke usoro obibi akwụkwọ na nguzogide. A na-eji nsonaazụ ndị a mee ihe na ụdị ammeter iji chepụta 4.7 μH na 7.8 μH inductor kachasị maka nkwụsị DC kacha nta.
The inductance na DC iguzogide nke spiral inductors nwere ike kọwara site na ọtụtụ parameters: elu dayameta eme, tụgharịa obosara w na spacing s, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ntụgharị n, na eduzi mpempe akwụkwọ eguzogide Rsheet.Figure 1a na-egosi foto nke a silk-ihuenyo e biri ebi okirikiri inductor. ya na n = 12, na-egosi usoro geometric nke na-ekpebi inductance ya. Dị ka ammeter nlereanya nke Mohan et al. 35, a na-agbakọ inductance maka usoro geometry inductor, ebe
(a) Foto nke inductor na-ebipụta ihuenyo na-egosi ihe ndị dị na geometric. Dayameta bụ 3 cm. Inductance (b) na DC resistance (c) nke dị iche iche inductor geometries. Akara na akara kwekọrọ na-agbakọọ na atụ ụkpụrụ, n'otu n'otu. (d,e) DC resistances nke inductors L1 na L2 bụ ihuenyo nke Dupont 5028 na 5064H silver inks biputere, n'otu n'otu.
Na elu frequencies, akpụkpọ mmetụta na parasitic capacitance ga-agbanwe nguzogide na inductance nke inductor dị ka ya DC value.The inductor na-atụ anya na-arụ ọrụ na a zuru ezu ala ugboro na mmetụta ndị a bụ negligible, na ngwaọrụ na-akpa àgwà dị ka a mgbe nile inductance. na nguzogide na-adịgide adịgide na usoro. Ya mere, na ọrụ a, anyị nyochara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti geometric parameters, inductance, na DC resistance, ma jiri ya pụta nweta inductance nyere na obere DC nkwụsị.
A na-agbakọ inductance na nguzogide maka usoro geometric nke nwere ike imezu site na mbipụta ihuenyo, a na-atụkwa anya na a ga-emepụta inductance na μH. , na ntụgharị dị iche iche na-atụnyere. Na ngụkọta, a na-eche na mpempe akwụkwọ na-eguzogide bụ 47 mΩ / □, nke kwekọrọ na 7 μm thick Dupont 5028 silver microflake conductor oyi akwa e biri ebi na 400 mesh ihuenyo na ntọala w = s. The A na-egosiputa ụkpụrụ inductance na nkwụsi ike na ọnụ ọgụgụ 1b na c, n'otu n'otu. Ụdị ahụ na-ebu amụma na ma inductance na nguzogide na-abawanye ka dayameta dị n'èzí na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ntụgharị na-abawanye, ma ọ bụ ka obosara akara na-ebelata.
Iji nyochaa izi ezi nke amụma ihe nlereanya, a na-emepụta inductor nke geometries dị iche iche na inductances na polyethylene terephthalate (PET). uru a na-atụ anya ya, tumadi n'ihi mgbanwe nke ọkpụrụkpụ na ịdị n'otu nke ink a na-edebe, inductance gosipụtara ezigbo nkwekọrịta na ihe nlereanya ahụ.
Enwere ike iji nsonaazụ ndị a mepụta onye inductor na inductance achọrọ na nguzogide DC kacha nta. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, were ya na a chọrọ inductance nke 2 μH. Ihe atụ 1b na-egosi na enwere ike ime ka inductance a na dayameta mpụta nke 3 cm, obosara akara. nke 500 μm, na ntụgharị 10. A pụkwara ịmepụta otu inductance site na iji 5 cm n'èzí, 500 μm akara obosara na 5 ntụgharị ma ọ bụ 1000 μm obosara na 7 ntụgharị (dị ka e gosiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ) .Tụnyere resistances nke atọ ndị a. Geometries ga-ekwe omume na Figure 1c, enwere ike ịhụ na nguzogide kachasị ala nke onye inductor 5 cm na obosara nke 1000 μm bụ 34 Ω, nke dị ihe dị ka 40% dị ala karịa abụọ ndị ọzọ. Usoro nhazi izugbe iji nweta inductance nyere. na nke kacha nta na-eguzogide na-achikota dị ka ndị a: Nke mbụ, họrọ kacha kwe ka mpụta dayameta dị ka ohere ohere nyere iwu. Mgbe ahụ, akara obosara kwesịrị ka ukwuu dị ka o kwere mee ka ọ ka na-enweta ihe a chọrọ inductance iji nweta oke njupụta ọnụego. (Nha nhata (3)).
Site n'ịba ụba ma ọ bụ na-eji ihe na-emepụta ihe dị elu iji belata nkwụsị nke mpempe akwụkwọ nke ihe nkiri ígwè ahụ, a ga-enwe ike ibelata nguzogide DC na-enweghị emetụta inductance. Abụọ inductor, onye geometric parameters e nyere na Table 1, nke a na-akpọ L1 na L2. A na-emepụta ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke mkpuchi iji nyochaa mgbanwe nke nguzogide. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpuchi ink na-abawanye, nkwụsị ahụ na-ebelata nha nha dịka a tụrụ anya ya, dị ka e gosiri na 1d na e, bụ ndị inductor L1 na L2, n'otu n'otu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ 1d na e gosi na site n'itinye mkpuchi mkpuchi 6, enwere ike ibelata nguzogide ahụ ruo ugboro 6, na mbelata kachasị na nguzogide (50-65%) na-apụta n'etiti oyi akwa 1 na oyi akwa 2. Ebe ọ bụ na oyi akwa ọ bụla nke ink dị ntakịrị, a. A na-eji ihuenyo nke nwere obere grid dị ntakịrị (400 ahịrị kwa inch) na-ebipụta inductor ndị a, nke na-enye anyị ohere ịmụ ihe mmetụta nke ọkpụrụkpụ nke onye na-eduzi na nkwụsị. yiri ọkpụrụkpụ (na nguzogide) nwere ike nweta ngwa ngwa site na-ebipụta a nta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke coatings na ibu okporo size.This usoro nwere ike iji nweta otu DC-eguzogide dị ka 6 mkpuchi inductor atụle ebe a, ma na a elu mmepụta ọsọ.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ 1d na e na-egosikwa na site na iji ink ink ọlaọcha na-eduzi DuPont 5064H, a na-ebelata nguzogide ahụ site na ihe abụọ. Site na SEM micrographs nke ihe nkiri ndị a na-ebipụta na inks abụọ (Figure 1f, g), ọ nwere ike ịbụ. hụrụ na obere conductivity nke 5028 ink bụ n'ihi na ya nta urughuru size na ọnụnọ nke ọtụtụ voids n'etiti ahụ na e biri ebi film. N'aka nke ọzọ, 5064H nwere ibu, ọzọ anya ndokwa flakes, na-eme ka ọ na-akpa àgwà nso na nnukwu. silver.Ọ bụ ezie na ihe nkiri a na-emepụta site na ink a dị ntakịrị karịa ink 5028, nke nwere otu oyi akwa nke 4 μm na 6 Layers nke 22 μm, mmụba na conductivity zuru ezu iji belata nkwụsị n'ozuzu ya.
N'ikpeazụ, ọ bụ ezie na inductance (nha nhata (1)) dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ntụgharị (w + s), nkwụsị (nha nhata (5)) na-adabere naanị na obosara ahịrị w.Ya mere, site n'ịbawanye w ikwu s, nguzogide. enwere ike ibelata ọzọ. A na-emepụta inductors abụọ L3 na L4 ka ha nwee w = 2s na nnukwu oghere dị n'èzí, dị ka e gosiri na Tebụl 1. A na-emepụta inductors ndị a na 6 Layer nke DuPont 5064H mkpuchi, dị ka e gosiri na mbụ, iji nye arụmọrụ kachasị elu.The inductance nke L3 bụ 4.720 ± 0.002 μH na nguzogide bụ 4.9 ± 0.1 Ω, ebe inductance nke L4 bụ 7.839 ± 0.005 μH na 6.9 ± 0.1 Ω, nke dị na nkwekọrịta dị mma na amụma ahụ. mmụba na ọkpụrụkpụ, conductivity, na w/s, nke a pụtara na nha L/R amụbaala karịa usoro nke ịdị ukwuu gbasara uru dị na eserese 1.
Ọ bụ ezie na nkwụsi ike DC dị ala na-ekwe nkwa, nyochaa ịdị mma nke inductors maka ngwa eletriki eletrik na-arụ ọrụ na kHz-MHz chọrọ njirimara na frequencies AC.Figure 2a na-egosi ịdabere ugboro ugboro nke nguzogide na mmeghachi omume nke L3 na L4.For frequencies under 10 MHz , ndị na-eguzogide na-anọgide roughly mgbe niile na ya DC uru, mgbe reactance na-abawanye linearly na ugboro ugboro, nke pụtara na inductance bụ mgbe niile dị ka echere.The onwe-resonant ugboro a kọwara dị ka ugboro na nke impedance mgbanwe si inductive ka capacitive, na L3 ịbụ 35.6 ± 0.3 MHz na L4 ịbụ 24.3 ± 0.6 MHz. Na-adabere ugboro ugboro nke àgwà ihe Q (nha ωL / R) gosiri na Figure 2b.L3 na L4 nweta ihe kacha mma nke 35 ± 1 na 33 ± 1 na ugboro nke 11 na 16 MHz, n'otu n'otu. Inductance nke μH ole na ole na Q dị elu dị elu na MHz frequencies na-eme ka ndị inductor ndị a zuru ezu iji dochie omenala elu ugwu inductors na obere ike DC-DC converters.
Nguzogide atụpụtara R na reactance X (a) na ihe dị mma Q (b) nke inductors L3 na L4 metụtara ugboro ole.
Iji wedata akara ukwu achọrọ maka ikike enyere, ọ kacha mma iji teknụzụ capacitor nwere nnukwu ikike pụrụ iche, nke nhata na dielectric mgbe niile ε kewara site na ọkpụrụkpụ nke dielectric. N'ime ọrụ a, anyị họọrọ barium titanate composite. dị ka dielectric n'ihi na ọ nwere epsilon dị elu karịa ihe ngwọta ndị ọzọ na-edozi organic dielectrics. The dielectric Layer bụ ihuenyo e biri ebi n'etiti ndị na-eduzi ọlaọcha abụọ na-emepụta usoro ígwè-dielectric-metal. Capacitors nwere nha dị iche iche na centimeters, dị ka e gosiri na Figure 3a. , na-arụpụtara site na iji abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ n'ígwé nke dielectric ink iji nọgide na-enwe ezi mkpụrụ. Figure 3b na-egosi a cross-section SEM micrograph nke onye nnọchiteanya capacitor mere na abụọ n'ígwé nke dielectric, na a ngụkọta dielectric ọkpụrụkpụ nke 21 μm. The elu na ala electrodes. bụ otu oyi akwa na isii oyi akwa 5064H n'otu n'otu. Micron-sized barium titanate particles na-ahụ anya na SEM image n'ihi na ndị na-egbuke egbuke ebe gbara gburugburu darker organic binder.The dielectric ink wets ala electrode nke ọma na-etolite a doro anya interface na ndị. ihe nkiri ígwè e biri ebi, dị ka e gosiri na ihe atụ na elu elu.
(a) Foto nke capacitor nwere mpaghara ise dị iche iche. dielectric n'ígwé na dị iche iche ebe, tụrụ na 1 MHz. (d) Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti capacitance, ESR, na ọnwụ ihe nke 2.25 cm2 capacitor na 2 Layer nke dielectric mkpuchi na ugboro ugboro.
Ike ya dabara na mpaghara a na-atụ anya ya. Dị ka e gosiri na Figure 3c, kpọmkwem capacitance nke abụọ-layer dielectric bụ 0,53 nF / cm2, na kpọmkwem capacitance nke atọ oyi akwa dielectric bụ 0,33 nF / cm2. Ndị a ụkpụrụ kwekọrọ na dielectric mgbe nile nke 13. The ụkpụrụ. A na-atụlekwa ike na ihe nkwụsịtụ (DF) n'ọtụtụ dị iche iche, dị ka e gosiri na Figure 3d, maka 2.25 cm2 capacitor nwere okpukpu abụọ nke dielectric. Anyị chọpụtara na ike ahụ dị ntakịrị n'ogo nke mmasị ugboro ugboro, na-abawanye site na 20% site na 1 ruo 10 MHz, ebe n'otu ebe ahụ, DF mụbara site na 0.013 ruo 0.023. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe nkwụsịtụ bụ njedebe nke ike na-efunahụ ike na-echekwa n'ime usoro AC ọ bụla, DF nke 0.02 pụtara na 2% nke ike na-edozi. site capacitor na-erepịakwa. Nke a ọnwụ na-emekarị na-egosipụta dị ka ugboro-adabere Equivalent series resistance (ESR) ejikọrọ na usoro na capacitor, nke hà DF/ωC. Dị ka e gosiri na Figure 3d, n'ihi na frequencies karịrị 1 MHz, ESR dị ala karịa 1.5 Ω, na maka ugboro ugboro karịa 4 MHz, ESR dị ala karịa 0.5 Ω. Ọ bụ ezie na iji nkà na ụzụ capacitor a, μF-class capacitors chọrọ maka DC-DC converters chọrọ nnukwu ebe, ma 100 pF- nF capacitance nso na obere ọnwụ nke ndị a capacitors na-eme ka ha dị mma maka ngwa ndị ọzọ, dị ka nzacha na resonant sekit .A pụrụ iji ụzọ dị iche iche na-eme ka ike dịkwuo elu. A elu dielectric na-adịgide adịgide na-eme ka ikike dị iche iche dịkwuo elu 37; dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike nweta nke a site n'ịba ụba nke barium titanate particles na ink. A obere dielectric ọkpụrụkpụ nwere ike iji, ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-achọ a ala electrode na a ala roughness karịa ihuenyo-e biri ebi ọlaọcha flake.Thinner, ala roughness capacitor. Enwere ike idobe akwa akwa site na mbipụta inkjet 31 ma ọ bụ mbipụta gravure 10, nke nwere ike ijikọta ya na usoro mbipụta ihuenyo. N'ikpeazụ, enwere ike ikpokọta ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche nke metal na dielectric na-ebipụta ma jikọta ya n'otu n'otu, si otú ahụ na-amụba capacitance 34 kwa otu mpaghara. .
A na-ejikarị ihe nkesa voltaji nke mejupụtara ụzọ resistors na-eme nha voltaji achọrọ maka njikwa nzaghachi nke onye na-ahụ maka voltaji. Maka ụdị ngwa a, nguzogide nke resistor e biri ebi kwesịrị ịdị na mpaghara kΩ-MΩ, yana ọdịiche dị n'etiti. ngwaọrụ ndị ahụ dị ntakịrị. N'ebe a, achọpụtara na nkwụsị nke mpempe akwụkwọ nke ink carbon ink na-ebipụta otu oyi akwa bụ 900 Ω / □ A na-eji ozi a emepụta ihe abụọ linear resistors (R1 na R2) na serpentine resistor (R3). ) na nkwụghachi ọnụ nke 10 kΩ, 100 kΩ, na 1.5 MΩ. A na-enweta nguzogide n'etiti ụkpụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ site na ibipụta akwa ink abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, dị ka e gosiri na Figure 4, na foto nke nkwụsị atọ ahụ. Mee 8- 12 samples nke ọ bụla ụdị; n'ọnọdụ niile, ụkpụrụ ọkọlọtọ nke nguzogide bụ 10% ma ọ bụ ihe na-erughị ya. Mgbanwe nkwụsị nke ihe nlele nke nwere okpukpu abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ nke mkpuchi na-eme ka ọ dị ntakịrị karịa nke nke nwere otu mkpuchi mkpuchi. na nkwekọrịta chiri anya na ọnụ ahịa aha ya na-egosi na enwere ike nweta ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ na nso a site na imezi geometry resistor.
Geometries resistor atọ dị iche iche nwere ọnụọgụ dị iche iche nke mkpuchi ink carbon resistive. E gosipụtara foto nke resistors atọ n'aka nri.
RLC sekit bụ ihe atụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ kpochapụwo nke resistor, inductor, na capacitor nchikota eji egosipụta na nyochaa omume nke ihe ndị na-agafe agafe etinyere n'ime sekit a na-ebipụta n'ezie. Na sekit a, 8 μH inductor na 0.8 nF capacitor jikọtara n'usoro, na a 25 kΩ resistor na-ejikọta ya na ha. A na-egosi foto nke sekit na-agbanwe agbanwe na Figure 5a. Ihe kpatara ịhọrọ usoro a pụrụ iche-nchikota ọnụ bụ na a na-ekpebi omume ya site na nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe atọ dị iche iche ugboro ugboro, nke mere na Enwere ike ịkọwapụta ma nyochaa arụmọrụ nke akụkụ ọ bụla. N'ịtụle usoro nkwụsị nke 7 Ω nke inductor na 1.3 Ω ESR nke capacitor, a na-agbakọ nzaghachi ugboro ugboro nke sekit ahụ. E gosipụtara eserese sekit na foto 5b, na gbakọọ ya impedance amplitude na-adọ na atụ ụkpụrụ na-egosi na Figures 5c na d.Na ala frequencies, elu impedance nke capacitor pụtara na omume nke sekit na-ekpebisi 25 kΩ resistor. Dị ka ugboro na-abawanye, impedance nke ụzọ LC na-ebelata; omume sekit dum bụ capacitive ruo mgbe resonant ugboro bụ 2.0 MHz. N'elu resonance ugboro ugboro, inductive impedance na-achịkwa.Fig 5 n'ụzọ doro anya na-egosi nke ọma nkwekọrịta magburu onwe n'etiti gbakọọ na tụrụ ụkpụrụ gafee dum ugboro range. Nke a pụtara na ihe nlereanya eji. ebe a (ebe inductor na capacitors bụ ezigbo components na usoro nguzogide) bụ ihe ziri ezi maka ịkọ omume sekit na oge ndị a.
(a) Foto nke sekit RLC a na-ebipụta na ihuenyo nke na-eji usoro nchịkọta nke 8 μH inductor na 0.8 nF capacitor na-ejikọta ya na 25 kΩ resistor. ,d) Mkpokọta impedance (c) na nkeji (d) nke sekit.
N'ikpeazụ, e biri ebi inductors na resistors na-emejuputa atumatu na nkwalite regulator.The IC na-eji na ngosi a bụ Microchip MCP1640B14, nke bụ a PWM dabeere synchronous boost regulator na-arụ ọrụ ugboro nke 500 kHz. The sekit eserese na-egosi na Figure 6a.A. A na-eji 4.7 μH inductor na capacitors abụọ (4.7 μF na 10 μF) mee ihe dị ka ihe nchekwa nchekwa ike, a na-ejikwa otu ụzọ na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe nke njikwa nzaghachi. Họrọ uru nkwụsị iji dozie mmepụta voltaji na 5 V. A na-emepụta sekit ahụ na PCB, a na-atụlekwa arụmọrụ ya n'ime nkwụsi ike ibu na ntinye voltaji nke 3 ruo 4 V iji mee ka batrị lithium-ion batrị dị iche iche na-akwụ ụgwọ. arụmọrụ nke SMT inductors na resistors.SMT capacitors na-eji n'ọnọdụ niile n'ihi na ike nke a chọrọ maka ngwa a dị oke ibu iji mechaa ya na ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ.
(a) Eserese nke voltaji stabilizing circuit (b-d) (b) Vout, (c) Vsw, na (d) Waveforms nke ugbu a na-eruba n'ime inductor, ntinye voltaji bụ 4.0 V, ibu na-eguzogide bụ 1 kΩ, na e biri ebi inductor na-eji atụ.Surface ugwu resistors na capacitors na-eji maka nke a nha. ) Oke arụmọrụ nke elu elu na sekit e biri ebi egosiri na (e).
N'ihi na 4.0 V ntinye voltaji na 1000 Ω ibu na-eguzogide, a na-egosi ụdị ebili mmiri ndị a tụrụ site na iji inductors e biri ebi na Figure 6b-d.Figure 6c na-egosi voltaji na Vsw ọnụ nke IC; voltaji inductor bụ Vin-Vsw.Figure 6d na-egosi ugbu a na-eruba n'ime inductor. The arụmọrụ nke sekit na SMT na e biri ebi components na-egosi na Figure 6e dị ka a ọrụ nke ntinye voltaji na ibu na-eguzogide, na Figure 6f na-egosi arụmọrụ ruru eru. nke ihe ndị e biri ebi na SMT components. The arụmọrụ tụrụ na-eji SMT components yiri uru a na-atụ anya na e nyere na mpempe akwụkwọ data nke onye nrụpụta 14. N'ihe ntinye dị elu ugbu a (nkwụsị ibu dị ala na voltaji dị ala), arụmọrụ nke ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ na-ebipụta bụ nke dị ala karịa karịa. nke SMT inductor n'ihi nkwụsi ike nke usoro dị elu. Otú ọ dị, na ntinye voltaji dị elu na mmepụta dị elu ugbu a, nkwụsị nkwụsị na-aghọ ihe na-adịchaghị mkpa, na ịrụ ọrụ nke ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na-amalite ịbịaru nso nke SMT inductor. Maka nkwụsị ibu> 500 Ω na Vin = 4.0 V ma ọ bụ> 750 Ω na Vin = 3.5 V, arụmọrụ nke inductors e biri ebi karịrị 85% nke SMT inductor.
N'ịtụle ụdị ebili mmiri dị ugbu a na Figure 6d na mbelata ike a tụrụ atụ na-egosi na nkwụsị nkwụsị na inductor bụ isi ihe kpatara ọdịiche dị na arụmọrụ dị n'etiti sekit e biri ebi na sekit SMT, dị ka a tụrụ anya ya. Ntinye na ike mmepụta tụrụ na 4.0 V. ntinye voltaji na 1000 Ω nguzogide ibu bụ 30.4 mW na 25.8 mW maka sekit nwere SMT components, na 33.1 mW na 25.2 mW maka sekit nwere ihe ndị e biri ebi. sekit nwere SMT components.The RMS inductor ugbu a gbakọrọ site na waveform na Figure 6d bụ 25.6 mA. Ebe ọ bụ na nguzogide usoro ya bụ 4.9 Ω, ike a na-atụ anya ya bụ 3.2 mW. Nke a bụ 96% nke 3.4 mW DC ike dị iche iche. Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-emepụta sekit ahụ na ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ebipụta na SMT resistors, na ọ dịghị ịrịba arụmọrụ dị iche na hụrụ n'etiti ha.
Mgbe ahụ, a na-emepụta onye na-ahụ maka voltaji na PCB na-agbanwe agbanwe (a na-egosipụta mbipụta sekit na arụmọrụ SMT na S1 nke mgbakwunye) wee jikọọ n'etiti batrị lithium-ion na-agbanwe dị ka isi iyi ike na OLED array dị ka ibu. Dị ka Lochner et al. 9 Iji rụpụta OLED, pixel OLED ọ bụla na-eri 0.6 mA na 5 V. Batrị na-eji lithium cobalt oxide na graphite dị ka cathode na anode, n'otu n'otu, nke dọkịta na-ahụ maka mkpuchi agụba na-emepụta ya, bụ nke a na-ejikarị ebi akwụkwọ batrị. ikike batrị bụ 16mAh, na voltaji n'oge ule bụ 4.0V.Figure 7 na-egosi foto nke sekit na PCB na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-eme ka pikselụ OLED atọ jikọọ na parallel. Ihe ngosi gosipụtara ikike nke ihe ndị e biri ebi ka a ga-ejikọta ya na ndị ọzọ. ngwaọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na organic iji mepụta usoro eletrọnịkị dị mgbagwoju anya.
Foto nke sekit regulator voltaji na PCB na-agbanwe agbanwe na-eji inductor na resistors ebipụtara, na-eji batrị lithium-ion na-agbanwe agbanwe na-eme ka ọkụ ọkụ organic atọ.
Anyị egosila ndị inductors, capacitors na resistors ndị e biri ebi na ihuenyo dị iche iche na ụkpụrụ PET na-agbanwe agbanwe, n'ebumnobi nke iji dochie ihe ndị dị n'elu elu na ngwá electronic. , na ahịrị obosara-ohere obosara ruru, na site na iji a oké oyi akwa nke ala-eguzogide ink.These components na-integrated n'ime a n'ụzọ zuru ezu e biri ebi na mgbanwe RLC circuit na-egosipụta amụma eletriki omume na kHz-MHz ugboro nso, nke bụ nke kasị ukwuu. mmasị ike electronics.
A na-ejikarị ihe eji eme ihe maka ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị ike ebi ebi bụ wearable ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa jikọtara ya na sistemụ eletrọnịkị na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-akwado ya site na batrị na-agbanwe agbanwe (dị ka lithium-ion), nke nwere ike iwepụta voltaji na-agbanwe agbanwe dịka ọnọdụ ụgwọ. Ọ bụrụ na ibu ahụ (gụnyere mbipụta na mbipụta). Organic electronic akụrụngwa) na-achọ voltaji na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ dị elu karịa mmepụta voltaji site na batrị, a na-achọ onye na-ahụ maka voltaji. N'ihi nke a, a na-ejikọta inductors na resistors na omenala silicon ICs n'ime onye na-ahụ maka nkwalite iji mee ka OLED nwee voltaji na-adịgide adịgide. nke 5 V sitere na batrị voltaji na-agbanwe agbanwe. N'ime ihe dị iche iche nke ibu dị ugbu a na ntinye voltaji, arụmọrụ nke sekit a karịrị 85% nke arụmọrụ nke sekit na-achịkwa site na iji elu ugwu inductors na resistors. N'agbanyeghị ihe na geometric optimizations, nkwụsị ndị na-eguzogide na inductor ka bụ ihe na-emechi maka arụmọrụ sekit na ọkwa dị elu dị ugbu a (ntinye ihe dị ugbu a karịa ihe dị ka 10 mA) . Otú ọ dị, na mmiri dị ala, ihe ndị na-efunahụ na inductor na-ebelata, na arụmọrụ zuru ezu na-ejedebe site na arụmọrụ. nke IC. Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ ndị a na-ebipụta na organic na-achọ ka mmiri dị ala dị ala, dị ka obere OLED ndị a na-eji na ngosi anyị, ndị na-emepụta ike e biri ebi nwere ike weere dị ka ndị dị mma maka ngwa ndị dị otú ahụ. Site na iji IC ndị e mere iji nwee arụmọrụ kachasị elu na ọkwa dị ala ugbu a. elu n'ozuzu Ntụgharị arụmọrụ nwere ike nweta.
Na ọrụ a, voltaji regulator na-wuru na omenala PCB, mgbanwe PCB na elu ugwu akụrụngwa soldering technology, mgbe e biri ebi akụrụngwa na-arụpụtara na a iche iche substrate.However, ala okpomọkụ na elu viscosity inks na-eji na-emepụta ihuenyo- ihe nkiri ndị e biri ebi kwesịrị ikwe ka ihe ndị na-agafe agafe, yana njikọ dị n'etiti ngwaọrụ ahụ na n'elu ikpo okwu kọntaktị, ga-ebipụta ya na ihe ọ bụla. sekit dum a ga-ewu n'elu ihe ndị na-adịghị ọnụ (dị ka PET) na-enweghị mkpa maka usoro nkwụsịtụ dị ka PCB etching. N'ihi ya, ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ihuenyo na-emepụta na ọrụ a na-enyere aka imeghe ụzọ maka usoro eletrik na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-ejikọta ike na ibu. na elu-arụmọrụ ike electronics, na-eji ọnụ ala substrates, tumadi mmako Filiks na ntakiri The ọnụ ọgụgụ nke elu ugwu components.
N'iji ngwa nbipute Asys ASP01M na ihuenyo igwe anaghị agba nchara nke Dynamesh Inc nyere, a na-ebipụta enyo niile nke ihe ndị na-agafe agafe na mpempe PET na-agbanwe agbanwe nke nwere ọkpụrụkpụ nke 76 μm. Ụdị ntupu nke oyi akwa ígwè bụ 400 ahịrị kwa inch na 250 ahịrị kwa inch maka oyi akwa dielectric na oyi akwa nguzogide. Jiri ike squeegee nke 55 N, ọsọ mbipụta nke 60 mm / s, nkwụsị nke 1.5 mm, na Serilor squeegee nwere ike nke 65 (maka metal na resistive). Layers) ma ọ bụ 75 (maka akwa dielectric) maka mbipụta ihuenyo.
The conductive layers — inductors na kọntaktị nke capacitors na resistors — na-ebipụta na DuPont 5082 ma ọ bụ DuPont 5064H silver microflake ink. A na-ebipụta resistor na DuPont 7082 carbon conductor.N'ihi na capacitor dielectric, conductive compound BT-101 barium titanate dielectric dielectric. A na-eji akwa akwa dielectric nke ọ bụla na-emepụta site na iji usoro mbipụta akwụkwọ abụọ na-agafe (mmiri-mmiri) iji meziwanye otu ihe nkiri ahụ. Ọtụtụ ihe mkpuchi nke otu ihe ahụ akpọnwụwo na 70 Celsius C maka nkeji 2 n'etiti mkpuchi. Mgbe etinyere uwe ikpeazụ nke ihe ọ bụla, a na-eme ihe nlele ahụ na 140 Celsius C maka nkeji 10 iji hụ na ihicha zuru ezu. Ọrụ ntinye aka na-akpaghị aka nke ihuenyo ahụ. A na-enweta kọntaktị na etiti onye inductor site na ịcha oghere na pad center na stencil printing traces na azụ nke mkpụrụ ahụ na ink DuPont 5064H. Njikọ dị n'etiti ngwaọrụ obibi akwụkwọ na-ejikwa Dupont. 5064H stencil printing. Iji gosipụta ihe ndị e biri ebi na ihe SMT na PCB na-agbanwe agbanwe nke egosiri na Figure 7, a na-ejikọta ihe ndị e biri ebi site na iji Circuit Works CW2400 conductive epoxy, na SMT components na-ejikọta ya na omenala soldering.
A na-eji lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) na graphite dabeere na electrodes dị ka cathode na anode nke batrị, n'otu n'otu. The cathode slurry bụ ngwakọta nke 80% LCO (MTI Corp.), 7.5% graphite (KS6, Timcal), 2.5 % carbon ojii (Super P, Timcal) na 10% polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF, Kureha Corp.). ) The anode bụ ngwakọta nke 84wt% graphite, 4wt% carbon ojii na 13wt% PVDF.N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP, Sigma Aldrich) na-eji igbari PVDF ihe nkedo na-achụsasịkwa slurry.The slurry e homogenized site. na-akpali akpali na vortex igwekota n'abali.A 0.0005 inch oké igwe anaghị agba nchara foil na a 10 μm nickel foil na-eji dị ka ndị na-anakọta ugbu a maka cathode na anode. mm / s. Kpoo electrode na oven na 80 Celsius C maka awa 2 iji wepụ ihe mgbaze. Ịdị elu nke electrode mgbe ihichachara bụ ihe dịka 60 μm, na dabere na ịdị arọ nke ihe na-arụ ọrụ, ikike nkà mmụta uche bụ 1.65 mAh. / cm2. A na-egbutu electrodes n'ime akụkụ nke 1.3 × 1.3 cm2 ma kpoo ọkụ na oven na-ekpo ọkụ na 140 Celsius C n'abali, mgbe ahụ, a na-ekpuchi ha na aluminom laminate bags na igbe mkpuchi mkpuchi nitrogen. Ngwọta nke ihe nkiri polypropylene isi na ya. anode na cathode na 1M LiPF6 na EC/DEC (1: 1) ka ejiri batrị electrolyte.
Green OLED nwere poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-n- (4-butylphenyl)-diphenylamine) (TFB) na poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7- (2,1,3-benzothiadiazole) 4, 8-diyl)) (F8BT) dị ka usoro e depụtara na Lochner et al.
Jiri Dektak stylus profiler tụọ ihe nkiri ahụ ọkpụrụkpụ. A na-egbutu ihe nkiri ahụ iji kwadebe ihe nlele nke cross-section maka nyocha site na nyocha eletrọnịkị eletrọnịkị (SEM) .FEI Quanta 3D field emission gun (FEG) SEM na-eji iji mara usoro nke ebipụtara. ihe nkiri ma gosi nha nha nha. A na-eduzi ọmụmụ ihe SEM na voltaji na-agba ọsọ nke 20 keV na ebe dị anya na-arụ ọrụ nke 10 mm.
Jiri multimeter dijitalụ tụọ nguzogide DC, voltaji na ugbu a. A na-atụ ihe mgbochi AC nke inductors, capacitors na sekit site na iji Agilent E4980 LCR mita maka frequencies n'okpuru 1 MHz na Agilent E5061A netwọk analyzer na-eji maka ịlele frequencies n'elu 500 kHz. Tektronix TDS 5034 oscilloscope iji tụọ ebili mmiri na-achịkwa voltaji.
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Hu, Y. wdg. Usoro ihe mmetụta dị ukwuu nke na-ejikọta ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị buru ibu na CMOS ICs maka nlekota ahụike nhazi.IEEE J. Solid State Circuit 49, 513-523 (2014).